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Network Monitoring in new 5G Cloud Networks

In any mobile network, network monitoring is a crucial and enabler for network management. Its importance is growing with the adoption of virtualization and continuous increase in network traffic.

A monitoring system collects the network statistics, traffic flows, and application and user profiles at various intervals and granularities to evaluate the status of the network for management tasks such as anomaly detection, network forensics, load balancing, traffic engineering, and enforcing Service Level Agreements (SLA), QoS/QoE and network maintenance. Therefore, a network monitoring system should be capable of monitoring the network and traffic flows at different granularities and for obtaining measureable metrics such as level of aggregation, time intervals, bandwidth utilization and accuracy.

Network transformations in 5G is making use of two new concepts: Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and the Software Defined Networks (SDN). SDN decouples the network control and data planes and enable programmability by introducing programmable interface into their networking equipment. As SDN, networks allow centralized controllers and the network components have programmable interfaces, network monitoring is augmented to a higher level in terms of efficiency, cost and complexity. NFV is ETSI standardized architecture and enables network functions to run as a service in commercial off‐the‐shelf hardware. NFV and SDN based architecture-introduced novel monitoring to overcome the limitations of legacy monitoring system.

What is Peak-To-Average Power Ratio: OFDM

What is Peak-To-Average Power Ratio? One of the major drawbacks for OFDM devices is the weak performance of an amplifier. There are two primary reasons for this. The first one is due to the usage of QAM modulation. This requires using a linear power amplifier to meet ACLR (Adjacent channel leakage ratio) requirements for performance. This is true in any system employing QAM modulation. Take UMTS as an example however, in OFDM systems, this is further complicated by another factor that is related to the nature of multi-carrier the OFDM signal.

What is Peak-To-Average Power Ratio: OFDM

It is the OFDM signal is made up of multiple sinusoids with different frequencies and carrying various modulation symbols. The sum of these sinusoids creates a complex waveform that has a much higher peak-to-average ratio than one single carrier signal could have. Since diverse types of transmission symbols happen on the multiple subcarriers simultaneously the combined transmitted signal displays the regular appearance of an extremely higher level of PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). The greater the number of subcarriers, the more frequently this happens. This means that in order to keep the linear operation within the power amplifier, a greater power backup-off has to be in place. This can mean lower efficiency or costlier power amplifiers.

There are many methods that can be used within OFDM systems to reduce the issues of high PAPR. The majority of them relate to the design of power amplifiers as well as signal conditioning. These methods are employed for the LTE downlink that is completely OFDMA system. However, the cost, as well as power efficiency, are extremely important for the UE as a result, which is why 3GPP has decided to utilize the modification of OFDMA for the uplink. This is known in the SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access). This method assigns the transmitted signal a single characteristic of the carrier that in turn decreases the PAPR.