index

1. present simple

2. past simple

3. present simple continuous

4. past simple continuous

5. past perfect

6. present

7. passive voice

8. relative clauses

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jMypBYH8J3F381Odx77U2i3nZCdwixy0/view

Voice

Present simple questions

Look at these questions:

_____ you ____ the piano?
Where ____ you _____?
____ Jack ____ football?
Where _____ he ____ from ?
____ Rita and Angela ____ in Manchester?
Where ____ they ____ ?

We use do and does to make questions with the present simple. We use does for the third person singular (she/he/it) and do for the others.

We use do and does with question words like where, what and when:

Where do Angela and Rita live?
What does Angela do?
When does Rita usually get up?

But questions with who often don’t use do or does:

Who lives in London?
Who plays football at the weekend?
Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?

Present simple negatives

Look at these sentences:

I like tennis but I don’t like football. (don’t = do not)
I don’t live in London now.
I don’t play the piano but I play the guitar.
They don’t work at the weekend.
John doesn’t live in Manchester. (doesn’t = does not)
Angela doesn’t drive to work. She goes by bus.

We use do and does to make negatives with the present simple. We use doesn’t for the third person singular (she/he/it) and don’t for the others.( I / You / We / They )

• Ali is  12 years old  .  ( Ali …………………………….…….  .)

• Ali and Heba are cousins . ( They ………..         cousins .)

• I am a cop  .( I …………………………………)

• They are brothers .( they ………………………. Brothers)

• Mai  goes to school .  –         Heba   ………….to school

• she carries a bag  .-             She …….…..…..  a bag .

• – Ali watches T V .  —              Ali ……….….         TV.

• –l play  cards .                       l  ………….…       cards.

We use the past tense to talk about:

• something that happened once in the past:

I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.

.

• something that happened several times in the past:

When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

• something that was true for some time in the past:

I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

• we often use expressions with ago with the past simple:

I met my wife a long time ago 

Past simple questions

1) I ……. pizza last night.
a) wasn’t eating
b) haven’t eaten
c) didn’t eat

2) Sara ……. me yesterday.
a) met
b) meet
c) was meeting

3) They ……. what happened to the police last Monday.
a) reported
b) were reporting
c) had reported

We use didn’t (did not) to make negatives with the past simple:

They didn’t go to Spain this year.
We didn’t get home until very late last night.
I didn’t see you yesterday.

We can use the present continuous to talk about things we are doing now.

The present continuous is made from the present tense of the verb be and the –ing form of a verb:

We use the present continuous to talk about:

• activities at the moment of speaking:

I‘m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

• future plans or arrangements:

Mary is going to a new school next term.
What are you doingnext week?

Present continuous questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of the subject:

Are you listening?
Are they coming to your party?
When is she going home?
What am I doing here?

• (1) Mark _____ a picture of a lion now. …

• (2) Lea and I _____ in the pool at the moment. …

• (3) What _____ the children doing? …

• (4) The students _____ listening to the teacher now. …

• (5) Look! the sun _____. …

• (6) _____ you listening to me? …

• (7) Take an umbrella with you! …

Present continuous negatives

We make negatives by putting not (or n’t) after am, is or are:

I‘m notdoing that.
You aren’t listening. (or You‘re not listening.)
They aren’t coming to the party. (or They‘re not coming to the party.)

1) You ( not use ) my pen

_____________________

2 ) listen ,he (not play ) the guitar

__________________________

3 ) it ( not snow ) this afternoon

__________________________

We can use the past perfect to show the order of two past events.

The past perfect shows the earlier action and the past simple shows the later action.

When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

 

It doesn’t matter in which order we say the two events. The following sentence has the same meaning.

The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

 

We can also use the past perfect followed by before to show that an action was not done or was incomplete when the past simple action happened.

 

They left before I’d spoken to them.

Sadly, the author died before he’d finished the series.

1) he ( live ) in Egypt before he went to Italy

__________________________________________

2) Julie didnt arrive untill after I (leave)

__________________________________________

3) when we (finish) dinner we went out

_______________________________

4) he (meet) her somewhere before

_______________________________

Grammar explanation

We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence.

My bike was stolen. (passive – focus on my bike)
Someone stole my bike. (active – focus on someone)

We often use the passive:

• when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it’s not known, it’s obvious or we don’t want to say)
• so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information
• in more formal or scientific writing.

How we make the passive

We make the passive using the verb be + past participle. We start the sentence with the object.

It is not always necessary to add who or what did the action.

1. Many people begin new projects in January

____________________________________

2. We will have to examine you again.

____________________________________

3. They also speak German at EU meetings.

_____________________________________

4. We have produced skis here since 1964.

_____________________________________

5. The Chinese discovered acupuncture thousands of years ago.

_____________________________________________

Grammar explanation

Relative clauses give us information about the person or thing mentioned.

Defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells us who or what we are talking about.

The woman who lives next door works in a bank.
These are the flights that have been cancelled.

We usually use a relative pronoun or adverb to start a defining relative clause: who, which, that, when, where or whose.

who/that

We can use who or that to talk about people. that is more common and a bit more informal.

She’s the woman who cuts my hair.
He’s the man that I met at the conference.

which/that

We can use which or that to talk about things. that is more common and a bit more informal.

There was a one-year guarantee which came with the TV.
The laptop that I bought last week has started making a strange noise!

Other pronouns

when can refer to a time.

Summer is the season when I’m happiest.

where can refer to a place.

That’s the stadium where Real Madrid play.

whose refers to the person that something belongs to.

He’s a musician whose albums have sold millions. 

1. This is the book ……………. Helps me to learn English.
( where – who – that – whose)
_________________________________________________
2. The man …………….. is wearing a white shirt is waiting for you.
( whose – which – that – where)
_________________________________________________
3. My birthday is the day …………. I was born.
( which – when – whose – where )
_________________________________________________
4. I’ve got a friend …………….. exam results are always good.
( whose – who – that – which )
_________________________________________________
5. Cairo is a city ……………… there is the Egyptian Museum.
( when – which – where – who )