CELL AND CELL ORGANELS

• All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of a living organism and where all life processes are carried out.

• Animal cells and plant cells share the common components of a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and a cell membrane.

• Plant cells have three extra components, a vacuole, chloroplast and a cell wall.

Animal cells

Animals are made up of millions of cells. Animal cells have an irregular structure and are made up of four key parts:

• Nucleus – This contains genetic material (DNA), and controls the cell’s activity.
• Cell membrane – A flexible layer that surrounds the cell and controls the substances that enter and exit.
• Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where the chemical reactions happen.
• Mitochondria – This is where energy is released from the food molecules.

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Plant cells

Plants are also made up of millions of cells. Plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria too, but they also contain the following structures:

• Cell wall – A hard layer outside the cell membrane, containing cellulose to provide strength to the plant.
• Vacuole – A space inside the cell that is used to store substances and help the cell keep its shape.
• Chloroplasts – Structures that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which are a key part of photosynthesis.

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